Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anthropology - Essay Example cide and ‘female genital mutilation’ are two of the practices that I would like to discuss looking from the point of view of a cultural relativist and later observe it as an ethnocentric anthropologist would. A cultural relativist would view these practices in the socio-cultural perspective of the people where it is practices and rationalise it as per the need and demand of the people and place. Infanticide is still prevalent in the far-east, especially in some part of India. It is the practice of killing infants in womb of the mother, especially if it is a girl child. As per the Indian custom, male children are supposed to carry on the family name and traditions and they are often preferred over girl child. It is also believed that last rites of a dead person must be carried by his or her ‘son’ so that he attains salvation of the soul. Under dire economic compulsions, mothers have been forced to kill the infant in the womb. On the other hand, female genital mutilation is practices among certain Moslim clan where pre pubescent girls are forced to undergo surgical mutilation of their genitals without anaesthesia. The Moslems believe that Quran1, their religious scripture, promoted this practice so that women do not become promiscuous and men are not swayed from the path of religion. It is the decree of Allah2, therefore, it is the personal choice of the individuals following that religion. As an ethnocentric anthropologist and as an American, I am totally aghast that such practices are still in vogue. Acts and proclamations that do not conform to basic human values of freedom of spirit and compassion for fellow human being, must be stopped at the earliest, even if they are carried on, in the name of religion and culture. Infanticide and FGM3 are both barbaric acts which violate the basic values of our race. Infanticide is killing of another human being and no matter what the compulsions are behind the deed, it is a murder of the first order and the

Belonging Essay Example for Free

Belonging Essay An individual’s interaction with others and the world around them can enrich their feelings of belonging and acceptance, however feelings of insecurity can lead to isolation and rejection limiting the experience of belonging. The concept of belonging is feeling connected to another individual, group, place or object that evokes positive emotions within oneself. In contrast, not belonging leads to feelings of alienation due to a lack of understanding, separation or when forced to embrace unfamiliarity. Through the 1992 film ‘Strictly Ballroom’ directed by Baz Luhrmann, the children’s biography ‘ by Beverley McGregor and the punk rock song ‘Perfect’ by Simple Plan, composers illustrate both concepts of belonging and alienation . Through a range of cinematic and literary techniques these composers show how an individual’s interaction with others and the world around them can enrich and limit their experiences of belonging. Baz Luhrmann through the film ‘Strictly Ballroom’ utilizes costuming to suggest isolation as well as ‘belonging’ and how it can either enrich or limit an individual’s experience. This is highlighted in the first scenes when viewers are introduced, through the mocumentary, to the flamboyancy of characters from the world of ballroom dancing such as Liz in her trademark gaudy canary colored outfits, and Shirley Hasting in her pink ball gowns that are matched to her ornate fuchsia eye shadow and lipstick. In contrast the character of Fran is dressed in a shapeless, oversized t-shirt and a close up of her face shows her naturally troubled skin free from makeup, wearing a large pair of thick-framed glasses. This immediately segregates her from the rest of the competitors and supporters of Ballroom dancing, signifying to the audience that a lack of interaction with others can severely impact on ones sense of belonging. The split screen later in the film where Fran, in normal day clothes dances with Scott and on the other side of the curtain Tina Sparkle dances in her lurid sequined costume, further shows Fran’s alienation from the dancing world. However, the song she and Scott are dancing to is Doris Day’s â€Å"Perhaps†, suggesting that their partnership could possibly work. The shock on Shirley’s face and the use of the children as a Greek chorus ‘Fran.. who’d have thought’ also suggest an acceptance of Fran. This is soon dispelled as Fran trips and a low angle shot of Liz and Shirley as they attend to her and tell her to ‘go home’ reminds the audience who belongs. Shirley and Liz’s perception of ‘belonging’ is enriched through their interaction with each other and their compatibility with the world of ballroom dancing. When Scott is shown by Ricco how to dance the Passo Doble, a close up of his feet in dusty work shoes on bare timber of the floor contrasts with a previous close up of Scott’s feet in shiny shoes on a highly polished floor. However, it is on this rough-hewn timber that Scott finally learns to dance ‘from the heart’ and his experience of belonging is enriched. You introduce costuming here so keep to that – your next paragraph is camera shots so do not confuse the two here. You could talk of costuming and characterization here but do not discuss camera techniques when that is part of your second discussion of the core text. Similarly aspects of belonging and not belonging and how these feelings can enrich or limit an individuals experience are explored in Beverly McGregor children’s biography ‘Pink Balloons’. The protagonist Sky constantly suffers from alienation and rejection from her peers and their parents due to her recent diagnosis of HIV/AIDS. This can be seen through symbolism to express ‘Skye’s’ feelings of isolation, when she says to her carer ‘Do you like my picture, the octopus has nine legs instead of eight, he is crying because he is different to the others†. This shows her feelings of inadequacy due to her inability to interact with the world around her and the limitations she faces in order to become accepted. This can be further expressed through the somber tone of the protagonist Skye as she relays her grief stating to her mother â€Å"Mummy, its bad enough having AIDS without everyone staying away from you because they are scared they can get it too†. Thus Skye’s apparent isolation as can be seen through the discrimination she endures throughout the text, which significantly decreases her chances of interacting with others to enrich her own personal experience of ‘belonging’. Continue here†¦ In contrast, Skye’s experiences of ‘belonging’ are enhanced following her election to vice captain in her class as can be seen through the literary technique of a rhetorical question when Skye states â€Å"they could have picked anybody, but who did they choose? †. This highlights Skye’s ability to feel a part of the world around her as a result of her eventual acceptance in her class, despite the constant stigma attached to her and her contraction of the HIV/AIDS virus. Baz Luhrmann further exhibits belonging and not belonging and its effect on enriching or limiting an individuals experience in ‘Strictly Ballroom’ through the implementation of camera techniques. This can be seen in the split screen where Fran and Scott are caught dancing together behind the crimson colored show curtains. Fran in an ordinary day dress is juxtaposed with Tina Sparkle in her lurid costume and sequins on the other side of the curtains. Scott and Fran dance to the Doris Day song ‘Perhaps’ suggesting they could possibly be dance partners. After Fran falls to the ground and is dragged stage left by Shirley Hastings and Liz to the powder room a low angle point of view shot signifies the alienation of Fran. Fran is seated on a stool and stares up at Mrs. Hastings and Liz showing the obvious superiority Shirleyand Liz feel over Fran. and further highlighted when ‘Liz’ states â€Å"you’re a beginner Fran, what the hell did you think you were doing? † Fran is then left isolated staring up at the huddled group of women representing her separation from the world of ballroom dancing. When Shirley Hastings states, â€Å"I think it will be better if you just went home and forgot about all this nonsense† Fran’s rejection through this scene conveys her inability to enrich her experience of belonging in the world of ballroom dancing. Continue here†¦. In comparison the final dance scene highlights the enrichment of a sense of belonging. This is conveyed through a long shot of the ballroom, which captures the acceptance of Fran and Scotts ‘crowd-pleasing’ steps, when everybody begins to clap with Doug to enable them to continue their dance. Crosscutting between ‘The Pan Pacific Championships’ and Fran’s back yard is also utilized to express the relationship between Fran and Scott and their newfound connection with dancing. Scott no longer dances to win but for the love of the sport and to express the simplicity related to his relationship with Fran. This technique symbolizes that it does not matter where Fran and Scott dance as long as they are dancing together. The implementation of Diagetic sound the ‘Rumba De Burros’ in the concluding scene expresses the concept of belonging and allows the viewers to develop an understanding of the enrichment of ‘Fran nd Scott’ when they are accepted in the world of ballroom dancing just the way they are. Additionally the song ‘Perfect’ by the punk rock band ‘Simple Plan’ displays how isolation can limit an individual’s chance to belong. ‘Perfect’ encapsulates feelings of worthlessness and insecurity as it explores the concept of rejection from the composer’s own father quote needed. The use of repetition as can be seen through the words â€Å"I am sorry, I can’t be perfect†, and highlights how feeling inadequate can segregate an individual from their world. Repetition is effective as it reinforces the deviation of the composer and provides the audience with a clear understanding of the separation between the writer and his father. The reminiscent nature of the lyrics can be seen through the rhetorical question ‘Did you know, you used to be my hero? ’, this engages the listener and alerts them to the change in the relationship while expressing the passionate tone of the song and the eventual acceptance of the turbulent relationship by the protagonist. Colloquial language, â€Å"Hey Dad† appeals to a young audience and invites them to have an insight into the father and son’s personal life to allow them to understand the hurt that is felt by the son in their dysfunctional relationship. Likewise the song writer constantly uses rhetorical questions to address his father and express his feelings of inadequacy such as â€Å"Did I grow up, according to your plan?. Thus it can be understood that due to the rejection experienced by the lyricist at the hands of his father it limits his opportunity to experience a sense of belonging. You need to discuss the music when you talk about a song otherwise you must only talk about it as the lyrics†¦ In conclusion various composers have utilized literary, visual and sound techniques to convey aspects of belonging, and how this can limit or enrich ones reaction to the world around them. Through the analysation of ‘Strictly Ballroom’, ‘Pink Balloons’ and ‘Perfect’ we can enhance our understanding of belonging and different obstacles that prevent an individual from feeling accepted.

Violent Femmes - Add it up :: Music

Violent Femmes - Add it up The disc player drones on as I recline peacefully on the pure white sands of my very own desert island. I am the only human being on this island. Ah, peace at last, but as the days turn into weeks and the weeks to months and the months to years I wonder; why have I not gone completely insane? Sentenced indefinitely to solitary confinement on my paradise prison. Yes, it has been a struggle to maintain my sanity, but I have one very special companion; the Violent Femmes album Add it up. Every time I listen to this album I am reminded of the last time I ever saw all my friends together; before we all went our separate ways in life. Park Rules for Your Safety: No Smoking No Radios or Music No Open-air Fires Do not take Shortcuts Watch for Bears Oh, what do we care of rules and regulations anyway. We were, after all, rebellious teenagers. We carefully stowed away radio, and cigarettes, and tightly tied our hiking boots. The four of us waved casually to the ranger as we began our ascent of the mountain. When we were out of earshot we stopped and emptied the smuggled goods from our backpacks. Unloading the radio we popped in Add it up from the Violent Femmes and continued on our journey. Not only did we play the music loud and probably scare every living organism in the forest stiff, but we also sang at the top of our lungs. People we passed on the trail smiled from ear to ear and some even laughed at our antics, but we didn’t care. Then we came to a shortcut along the trail. Should we take it? Of course, we were rebels. Against the advice of the experts, we got off the beaten track and made our own path through the forest. We were careful to keep out of sight when entering and exiting our newly blazed trail, not becaus e we feared getting caught, but because we wanted out own sovereign experience: to be shared with and had by no one else. Finally reaching the top was the greatest feat we could have ever accomplished. Being at the top of the mountain was like standing on top of the World. Looking down over the surrounding farmland and towns one could really appreciate the wonder that is Nature. The World below so tiny one could pick it up and make it snow by shaking it, just like one of those snow globes. Violent Femmes - Add it up :: Music Violent Femmes - Add it up The disc player drones on as I recline peacefully on the pure white sands of my very own desert island. I am the only human being on this island. Ah, peace at last, but as the days turn into weeks and the weeks to months and the months to years I wonder; why have I not gone completely insane? Sentenced indefinitely to solitary confinement on my paradise prison. Yes, it has been a struggle to maintain my sanity, but I have one very special companion; the Violent Femmes album Add it up. Every time I listen to this album I am reminded of the last time I ever saw all my friends together; before we all went our separate ways in life. Park Rules for Your Safety: No Smoking No Radios or Music No Open-air Fires Do not take Shortcuts Watch for Bears Oh, what do we care of rules and regulations anyway. We were, after all, rebellious teenagers. We carefully stowed away radio, and cigarettes, and tightly tied our hiking boots. The four of us waved casually to the ranger as we began our ascent of the mountain. When we were out of earshot we stopped and emptied the smuggled goods from our backpacks. Unloading the radio we popped in Add it up from the Violent Femmes and continued on our journey. Not only did we play the music loud and probably scare every living organism in the forest stiff, but we also sang at the top of our lungs. People we passed on the trail smiled from ear to ear and some even laughed at our antics, but we didn’t care. Then we came to a shortcut along the trail. Should we take it? Of course, we were rebels. Against the advice of the experts, we got off the beaten track and made our own path through the forest. We were careful to keep out of sight when entering and exiting our newly blazed trail, not becaus e we feared getting caught, but because we wanted out own sovereign experience: to be shared with and had by no one else. Finally reaching the top was the greatest feat we could have ever accomplished. Being at the top of the mountain was like standing on top of the World. Looking down over the surrounding farmland and towns one could really appreciate the wonder that is Nature. The World below so tiny one could pick it up and make it snow by shaking it, just like one of those snow globes.

Lifespan Development Essay

Lifespan development, also known as human development, is a field of study that is devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout a person’s lifespan (Berk, 2010). Lifespan development begins with infancy and looks at several points in a person’s life in which significant change takes place. The study of children did not begin until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (Berk, 2010). Throughout the years, there was much speculation about how people grow and change and when combined with research, theories of development surfaced. These theories were vital and provided organized frameworks for observations of people and they are verified by research and provide a basis for practical action (Berk, 2010). Many theories developed to study the development of infants and children through out life and these theories continue to have an impact on society and research today. There are many notable development researchers and schools of thought such as Locke, Rousseau, Arnold Gesell, Ivan Pavlov, Lawrence Kohlberg, Social Learning Theory, Stages of Moral Development, and Ethiological Theories just to name a few (Crain, 2005). There are some researchers and schools of thought who still have an impact today such as Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution, Jean Piaget and his Cognitive-Developmental theory, and the Psychoanalytic theory first developed by Sigmund Freud. Charles Darwin is significant to developmental studies today because it was he who paved the way, or opened the door for the many schools of thought that followed. Darwin is known as the forefather of scientific child study (Berk, 2010). Darwin was a naturalist who observed the variation among plant and animal species but along with that, he also noticed that within a specific species, no two individuals were alike (Berk, 2010). Darwin developed his theory which emphasized the principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest. Darwin’s theory stated that certain species survive in particular environments because they have characteristics that fit with or are adapted to their surroundings (Berk, 2010). Those within the species that best meet the survival requirements live long enough to reproduce and keep the species going (Berk, 2010). Darwin, in his travels and research, noticed some similarities in prenatal growth among species. Darwin noted that the embryos of most species are highly similar in their early forms revealing their descent from a common ancestor (Crain, 2005). Today, in the broad scheme of things, Darwin’s theory is correct in that there is variation within species and only some survive long enough to reproduce and pass along traits. What Darwin did not understand was the mechanisms underlying the transmission of traits (Crain, 2005). Because of this, Darwin is considered the starting point for the vast amount of research done on lifespan development. Another important aspect of the study of lifespan development is the Cognitive-Developmental theory of Jean Piaget. Piaget’s theory stated that children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world (Berk, 2010). Piaget did not believe that a child’s learning depended on reinforcers as the behaviorists believed. Piaget developed stages and he realized that children pass through his stages at different rates and did not pay specific attention to the ages at the various stages but noted that they all pass through the stages in the same order (Crain, 2005). Piaget’s theory consisted of four periods: Sensorimotor Intelligence (birth to 2 years), Preoperational Thought (2 to 7), Concrete Operations (7 to 11), and Formal Operations (11 to adulthood) (Berk, 2010; Crain, 2005). Piaget was able to convince people that children are active learners whose minds consist of rich structures of knowledge (Berk, 2010). Piaget’s research influenced much of the research today that focuses on children’s concept of self, other people, and human relationships. Many educational philosophies and programs that place emphasis on discovery learning and direct contact were encouraged by Piaget’s theory (Berk, 2010; Crain, 2005). Piaget’s theory did not come without criticism and challenges. Some researchers believe that Piaget actually underestimated the competencies of children. This called for much research to be conducted to challenge and refute Piaget’s theory and also to find ways to expound upon and improve his theory. The most influential school of thought is that of the Psychoanalytic perspective developed by Sigmund Freud. This perspective states that people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. (Berk, 2010). The school of thought basically focused on the fact that psychological change is governed by inner forces such as feelings, impulses, and fantasies (Crain, 2005). Freud had all of his patients use free association in their sessions allowing them to talk freely about the painful events of their childhood (Berk, 2010). Freud developed the psychosexual theory based on theiry unconscious thoughts. This theory states that how parents manage their child’s sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development (Berk, 2010). Freud’s theory was considered the first to place importance on the influence of the early parent-child relationship and its involvement in development (Berk, 2010). Freud’s theory received much criticism because he did not study children directly and was heavy on the sexual influences in development (Crain, 2005). The controversy surrounding this particular school of thought, prompted much research making it one of, if not the influential theories in development. Research on the many aspects of emotional and social development which includes infant-caregiver attachment, aggression, sibling relationships, child-rearing practices, morality, gender roles, and adolescent identity grew from the theory of Freud (Berk, 2010). There are many different ways in which development is researched. One way is systematic observation. There are different ways in which observations of children and adults can be conducted. Some researchers choose to go into the field or the natural environment and record the behavior which is known as naturalistic observation (Berk, 2010). Through naturalistic observation, researchers are able to get a first hand look at the subjects. On the other side though, some people may not display the same behavior in their everyday life. Structured observations happen when the researcher sets up a laboratory situation that evokes behavior of interest so that every participant has equal opportunity to display the response (Berk, 2010). The ways that the research is gathered varies depending on what is being researched. Systematic observations tell how people actually behave but fail to provide the reasons behind the behavior. Self-reports allow participants to provide information on their perceptions, thoughts, abilities, feelings, and other things of that nature. They are normally structured interviews, unstructured interviews, questionnaires, and tests. Clinical interviews allow for researchers to use a flexible, conversational style to probe for the participant’s point of view (Berk, 2010). Structured interviews, which includes tests and questionnaires, asks all participants the same set of questions (Berk, 2010). They are easier to score and the researchers are able to identify a behavior of interest because the participants is given alternatives in answer choices. The case study methods brings together a wide range of information on one person, including interviews, observations, and test scores (Berk, 2010). This method is generally used when one wants to study a particular group that may be small in size but varies in characteristics. This method can be viewed as bias because the information that is collected is sometimes done unsystematically and is subjective and geared toward the researchers theoretical perspective. There are other ways of studying development such as ethnography which is aimed at studying a culture as a whole or a distinct social group through participant observation. Ethics plays a major role in the study of development as well. It is important to consider things such as the rights of the participants. This includes, protection from harm, informed consent, privacy, knowledge of the result, and beneficial treatments (Berk, 2010). Informed consent is especially important because it provides safeguards for children and elderly people who are cognitively impaired or have to be cared for in settings for the chronically ill (Berk, 2010). Research generally creates ethical issues because of the search for scientific knowledge and at the same time has the opportunity to exploit people. References Berk, L.E. (2010). Development through the lifespan. (5th Ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon Crain, W. (2005). Theories of development: Concepts and applications. (5th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall

Compare the attitudes to war in the three poems Essay

‘Rule Britannia’ was written in 1740. The title ‘Rule’ causes the reader to think that this is a command by God. Rule Britannia is an extremely patriotic poem which creates the image that Britain is the place of the Lord and Britain is the best. This image is implied by: ‘Arose from out the azure land, This was the charter of the land, And guardian angels sung the strain’ This quotation would make the reader think that Britain was born from the sea, by guardian angels who are the messengers from God. This implies that God created Britain and how it came out from the sea, so we Britain should rule the sea. Another way that the patriotic image is implied is by the chorus: ‘Rule, Britannia, rule the waves; Briton never will be slaves.’ This leads the reader to think that the British are extremely arrogant, how they think they will never be slaves also how Britain think they are the Gods of the sea. A 21st century reader would of seen this poem as patriotic and arrogant but a person reading this in 1740 would of seen this as true. Britain did rule the sea and the British at the time would have never thought they would be slaves, they thought they were too big and important for that. This poem is very rude about other countries in particular Spain. James Tompson describes other countries as ‘ Tyrants’, in the context that this word is used it implies that other countries are arrogant harsh arbitrary people, some readers my think that the use of tyrant is referring to these foreigners being criminals. This is another way that the poem shows arrogance, how the Britain is great and how all the other countries are criminals. The writer uses the image of the oak tree to create a patriotic image again: ‘Still more majestic shalt thou rise, More dreadful from each foreign stroke; As the loud blast that tears the skies Serves but to only root thy native oak.’ What this is saying basically is that every time Britain gets attacked it gets stronger. When an oak tree normally gets hit with thunder of lightning( a metaphor for canon fire from Britain’s enemy’s) which is being implied in line three of that quotation you would expect it to get destroyed and split in half. This does not happen though, it just makes Britain stronger. This would create an extremely patriotic image of how Britain is just getting stronger from each attack and how the enemy is never going to destroy Britain. Near the end of this poem another patriotic image is created, ‘ and manly hearts to guard the fair.’ This implies the image that the British guard their women and how the British are true gentlemen. Rule Britannia sees war as a holy thing, war is something that God would not condemn. This is achieved by the chorus ‘Rule, Britannia, rule the waves;’ this gives the impression that Britain should rule the waves, the word rule is used in an interesting way. When I first read this poem I thought that the word was Royal, as in it was a holy thing. I believe this is a deliberate effect, the word rule is there to make the reader think that Britain should rule the sea but I think it is also there deliberately as a simile to make the reader to think of Royal which would make the reader think that ruling the sea is a command from God. If it was a command from God it would mean that he was telling Britain to rule the sea so fight any wars they need to accomplish this. Rule Britannia is a very confident poem, no where in the poem does doubt creep in. . ‘Rule, Britannia, rule the wave Briton will never be slaves’ When you read this you see the image of people singing this loud, confident of what they have to do. This implies that this poem is for war, the writer James Tompson implies that war is a jolly thing something that has to be done, this is accomplished by the poem. The chorus of poem is meant to be sung, when I think of singing I associate it with singing things which are right and merry, it is not very often you sing about sad things, when the poem was written James tompson knew this and deliberately made it so the chorus would be sung. In Royal Britannia they poet fails to mention of the negative, he even goes to the extent of saying that war just makes Britain stronger, this can be seen in my third quote on page 1. This helps to build the confidence of the poem because no negatives have been mentioned; this is implying that there are no negative things about war. The charge of the light brigade is very confident on the surface but then some doubt seems to creep in. The crucial line in this poem is ‘Some one had blundered:’ this line is extremely impersonal. It is the first sign of doubt creeping in. Later on in the charge of the light Brigade the same line is repeated twice, this line is ‘ All the world wondered’. This line shows that people were question why these men were fighting, what was the point of this. This view of doubt never entered the first poem, it was like everyone was agreed that war was a great thing, in the second poem this doubt comes in and Tennyson is showing that not everyone thinks that war is so glorious. Unlike the Rule Britannia the charge of the light Brigade mentions negative things about war. I believe Tennyson is trying to show the reader that the war is not all great, people do die. As I mentioned before the line about someone blundering is extremely impersonal, this implies to the reader that in war there are no individuals, everyone is just seen as cannon fodder, if you die no one cares. The way the line is said makes this event sound like it happens often, normally when someone blunderers or dies you would be shocked but the way it is said makes it sound like a common event of war, Tennyson has deliberately not used !, I believe this is him trying to show there is no shock. In war there are deaths all the time, it is nothing special I believe this is what the author is trying to show. Rule Britannia sees war something that is necessary, it needs to be done to control the ‘tyrants’, without war these ‘criminals’ would take the seas, Rule Britannia even gives the impression that the ruling the sea is a command from God. The charge of the light brigade is completely opposite to the view that war is backed by God, Tennyson associates war with death, ‘Back from the mouth of Death’, this implies that when these men where charging they were going into hell, so they when they fight and have a war they are entering hell, Tennyson is saying that was is thing of the Devil so it is evil. The charge of the light brigade implies that war creates heroes. This can be seen by ‘Stormed at with shot and shell. ‘While horse and hero fell’ and ‘Honour the charge they made Honour the light Brigade’ When the soldiers started they were described in a very impersonal way, now they are being described as heroes. This would make the reader think that the poet opinion is that the people who fight in war become heroes. The charge of the light Brigade was written 1854. The word ‘charge’ implies the image that this attack was very uncontrolled, unorganised attack. The charge of the light Brigade is very confident on the surface but doubt does creep in the further you go in. This poem has a rhyme which imitates horses galloping. All through the charge of the light brigade there are associations with death and the devil, ‘Jaws of hell’ and ‘ Into the valley of Death’. The charge of the light Brigade has two endings, the first one was edited so it was suitable for the reader. The ending which is printed in this booklet honours the men who took part in the charge more that the other ending. The second ending describes the actions of the men as ‘bold’, this implies that the actions of the men were stupid and not thought out. To be continued.

Free Essays on The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Dialect

and poorly constructed sentances, â€Å"Git up! What you ‘bout.† They mostly conversed only with their fellow workers and children, and were not needing a formal education. Somewhere between these two stereotypes belongs the character Huckleberry Finn. He was raised by his abusive alcoholic father, learning the ways of solitude in nature and survival on the river. Later in his childhood though, he was taken in by a caring, upper class woman who nurtures him like the mother he never had, teaching him the ways of the bible and school. She also added to his kind personality. Huck is raised with both sides of lifestyles; half rich, half poor. This gives him the unique personality he has, being unconforming yet very caring. Twain’s knowledge of these not only makes his books more interesting, but accurate in the presentation of American cultures.... Free Essays on The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Dialect Free Essays on The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Dialect The land of the Mississippi is well known for it’s rich heritage and unique dialect. Mark Twain had a good understanding of this, and lifetime of experience with it. He knew a person’s history could roughly be predicted by the manner of their speaking. Such as rich, well bred, educated citizens often had a voice containing a large vocabulary, finely pronounced words, and produced easily understood sentences. This gave them the essence of ellegence and class, and as Twain put it, â€Å"He was well born, and that’s worth as much in a man as it is in a horse.† On the other end of citezenship was the un-schooled, un-privilaged, and poor slaves and servents. Their upbringing was focused less on impressing people with their intelligense, and more on survival, tolerance, and hard work. Their speech was hardly understandable. It consisted of broken words and poorly constructed sentances, â€Å"Git up! What you ‘bout.† They mostly conversed only with t heir fellow workers and children, and were not needing a formal education. Somewhere between these two stereotypes belongs the character Huckleberry Finn. He was raised by his abusive alcoholic father, learning the ways of solitude in nature and survival on the river. Later in his childhood though, he was taken in by a caring, upper class woman who nurtures him like the mother he never had, teaching him the ways of the bible and school. She also added to his kind personality. Huck is raised with both sides of lifestyles; half rich, half poor. This gives him the unique personality he has, being unconforming yet very caring. Twain’s knowledge of these not only makes his books more interesting, but accurate in the presentation of American cultures....

Manage Stress at University Essays

Manage Stress at University Essays Manage Stress at University Essay Manage Stress at University Essay Stress occurs in human life is frequency because there are many challenge people need to face in daily. Also it is a part of student’s life, when the student study at university, they may face more difficult problem such as more expectation from their parents, financial problems, exam or assignment. There are many definitions about stress, one definition of stress is the body’s reaction from any situation or thought that changes a physical, mental or emotional adjustment or response. (Morrow, 2009) Sometimes appropriate stress is good for student as it pushed them to work better. It means that they can enhance their performance, including in exam. However, stress bring harmful more than beneficial, it can separate to physical and mental to present itself. In this essay, it will talk about the symptoms of stress and strategies of manage stress at university. When student was overwhelmed by stress, it can show by physical. Pain may normal in our life but sometime it is because of stress, even though we may not realize it, such as headache, back pain, chest pain and stomach upset, that is the symptoms of stress. Also, long time living with stress can affect health, it may lead to some disease, for instance heart disease, heart palpitations and high blood pressure. One of the symptoms of stress is sleep problems, it can affect student frequent forgetfulness or decreased productivity at exam, also, long time cannot get enough sleep that can cause decreased immunity. (Mayo Clinic staff,2009) Moreover, stress can bring about mental problem. There are some symptoms is about emotion was affected by stress. When student live under pressure, they may always feel anger and they will arguing with their friends or loves one by little provocation or no reason. Stress also can make student feel lonely or isolated, they may trigger crying jags, sometimes seemingly without warning, even they may cry for little things unrelated to their stress. Furthermore, too much stress to take, it will make student avoid the problems, feel hopeless or simply give up and chronic stress can develop to depression or anxiety disorders. They may think negativity when they can’t cope with stress. As they are automatically expect the worst or magnify the negative aspects of any undesirable situation. (Mayo Clinic staff, 2010) There are many strategies to cope of stress, here will provide two methods to help student cope well with stress. First, when you can’t avoid a stress situation, try to change it that may involve change the way of communicate and operate in the daily life. Student may feel resentment sometimes, some of them will endure it but it is not a good way to deal the stress. When student depressive their emotion in a long term, it may develop to mental illness. The better method is expressing their feelings and finds the best way of communication. If does not to convey the feelings, the discontented situation will likely remain the same. Something we have to be willing to compromise. When we hope others to change the treatment to ourselves, others are expecting the same things. For example, if both sides quarrel over something, they can mutually making a compromise and that can peaceful to solve the problem. Manage time better also can help to reduce pressure, as poor time management can cause time to be disperse and influence to study. Smith, Jaffe-Gill amp; Segal, 2008) Make a daily schedule, from social events to assignments to housework, and selective the quality things to do, it better is effective and don’t forget to set aside time for rest. In addition, some source of stress is unavoidable and unable to change, the best way is learn how to accept. Life has too many things under the control such as death, disease and behaviour of others. Student may focus on something can control by themselves, like reaction of the problem and try to face it positive. There are many challenge is a part of development, perhaps we may fault in the process, try to learn from mistake and improve the defect. Also, share the experience with someone can trust until overcome by stress. Even it does not have any realistic action, at least it can release negative emotion. The world is not perfect, everyone can make a mistake and that is a fact student need to accept, so learn to forgive, life will be easier. Negative mood can cause student make a wrong decision and injury the spirits by themselves, therefore let go of the negative energy that is the best way to go on of life. Smith, Jaffe-Gill amp; Segal, 2008) In conclusion, stress is deeply affecting our life, no one can avoid it. It is affect to physical and mental and it can lead to health problem. Therefore, manage stress is very important. Try to alter the situation and accept the things can’t change, even if something out of our expectation, try to face it be optimistic. Student also can do so me exercise to relax themselves. Although this essay only is written two forms of stress and strategies, students will get these problems normally. Reference list Morrow, A. R. N. 2009, Stress  Definition, viewed June 18, http://dying. bout. com/od/glossary/g/stress. htm Mayo Clinic staff, 2009, Stress symptoms: Effects on your body, feelings and behavior, viewed Feb, 20, mayoclinic. com/health/stress-symptoms/SR00008_D Mayo Clinic staff, 2010, Stress management: Reexamine your stress reactions, viewed July 23, mayoclinic. com/health/stress-management/SR00032 Smith, M. M. A. Jaffe-Gill, E. M. A. amp; Segal, R. M. A. 2008, Stress Management How to Reduce, prevent, and Cope with Stress, viewed December, helpguide. org/mental/stress_management_relief_coping. htm#authors

How to Register for SAT Subject Tests Step-by-Step Guide

How to Register for SAT Subject Tests Step-by-Step Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You might be required or strongly encouraged to take SAT Subject Tests if you're applying to highly selective colleges. Thankfully, registering for SAT Subject Tests is just as easy as registering for the regular SAT. It might take a bit more planning to verify that the test you want is being offered on a certain test date, but otherwise the process is similar. In this article, I’ll go through, step by step, how to register for Subject Tests so you don’t run into any confusion along the way. How to Register for SAT Subject Tests, Step by Step I've described each step of the SAT Subject Test registration process below, with screenshots to help you follow along. Step 1: Check Test Dates First, go tothe official College Board websiteand check to see which SAT Subject Tests are offered on which dates.Once you know the date you want to sign up for, click the blue "Register" link in the column for your desired test date: You'll need to log into your existing College Board account or create a new one if you don’t have one yet (you probably do if you took the regular SAT already). Once you sign in, you’ll be taken to your homepage. Click the yellow "Register for the SAT" button to get to the SAT Registration page below: Step 2: Enter Your Personal Information Click the â€Å"Continue† button in the bottom-right corner of the page.You’ll be taken to a screen that asks you to fill out some personal information if you haven't done so during a previous test registration. This is very important, so make sure everything is accurate! The demographics section is not as critical; it's just there for the College Board to use in statistical calculations.It might take a few minutes to fill out, but don’t worry too much about it: Step 3: Create Your Student Profile Continue to the next module: Create Student Profile.Again, you can skip this step and move on to the next one if you've already filled out your profile from a previous registration. Creating a profile can take a lot of time, but it’s mostly optional. If you fill it out, the College Board will share your information with colleges that will send you mail to try and entice you to apply. You can go ahead and click the â€Å"Update Later† button at the bottom of the screen once you put in your GPA in the â€Å"GPA/Rank† section,which is the only required information: Step 4: SelectYour Subject Test Now you've reached the â€Å"Select Test Center† module, where you must agree to the terms and conditions and can then choose the test center where you plan to take your Subject Test.In the â€Å"Choose Your Test Date† section, select SAT Subject Tests, and then go to the tab for your chosen test date and select up to three Subject Tests: This is also the screen where you’ll need to indicate whether you have been approved for test accommodations or a fee waiver: Step 5: Pick a Test Center On the next page, you will be asked to choose a test center.The zip code that you entered in the Personal Information section should already be there, so you’ll see test centers that are close to your hometown. Keep in mind that not all test centers will be listed as options since some will not offer SAT Subject Tests. This means you might not be able to take your Subject Tests in the same location where you took the regular SAT.Click â€Å"Select† next to the test center you want to use: Now, the screen will look like this: Step 6: Upload a Photo Continue to the next screen where you will be asked to upload a photo of yourself for authentication purposes. This photo will be part of your admission ticket.These are the examples given by the College Board for acceptable photos: Basically, just use a clear photo that fully shows your face, isn’t too close up, and doesn’t include any other people. You can crop your photo after you upload it if necessary. Step 7: Check Out Proceed to the checkout step. Continue past the screen that gives you options to buy lots of prep books if you’re not interested.Review all your personal information and the tests you want to take before clicking â€Å"Make Payment.† You will be asked to confirm your information one last time before you get to the payment screen.You can pay through PayPal or directly with a credit card depending on what’s easier for you: That’s pretty much all there is to it. Registering for SAT Subject Tests isvery similar to registering for the regular SAT, and it shouldn’t take more than 15-20 minutes at most if you skip filling out the information for your student profile (or have already filled it out). Important Registration Tips for SAT Subject Tests Although the SAT Subject Test registration process is pretty straightforward, there are some tips you should keep in mind so that you end up with the best testing experience. First off, make sure you choose the best location. This might not always be your high school! Here’s a guide for how to pick the best test center for your needs. You should also register well before the test's deadline so that you don’t have to pay any late fees.Hereare the upcoming test dates and registration deadlines.Subject Tests are offered on all of these dates except for the one in March. Check this link to verify that the exam you want to take will be offered on the date of your choosing. Be sure to apply for a fee waiver before you register if you think you might qualify.Read our guide formore information on how to get a fee waiver for the SAT and SAT Subject Tests.You can get two fee waivers for SAT Subject Test registration. Thiswaiver will cover your registration for one full test day, so it can pay for one, two, or three subject tests if you take them all at once. The early bird catches the Subject Test worm. Or something like that. I just really enjoy this chubby bird. What's Next? What score should you aim for on your SAT Subject Tests? Learn more about what a good score might look like for you. Some colleges require or recommend two or three Subject Tests. Read our guide to deciding how many you should take. Do you need to take the Math 2 SAT Subject Test?Find outwhen you should take it in order to get your best possible score. Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below:

Compound Interest Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Compound Interest - Assignment Example His latest investments have been successful – after selling a four-unit apartment building and a town house, Willie has $300,000 in the bank and is debt-free. With only 10 years before retirement, Willie wants to make solid financial decisions that will limit his risk exposure. An attractive property has come on the market this week – a pair of townhouses with a great view. The rental units are in good condition and would need only some minor repairs in order to get them into shape for rental. They are in a good location for vacationers and summer rentals. The price tag for the two townhouses totals $225,000 – well within his range. He figures he can invest the remaining $75,000, and between the two hopes to have $600,000 on which to retire by age 56. 1. Willie knows that real estate in this general location appreciates by about 5% a year. Assuming that this trend continues, what will be the future value of the $225,000 townhouses in 10 years? (5 points) 2. Willie’s local bank offers a 2-year certificate of deposit (CD) that pays 5% compounded quarterly. A competing bank in town also offers a 2 year CD that pays 5%, but the interest is componded daily. If Willie invests the $75,000, how much more money will he get from the second bank after two years due to the daily compounding (assume exact time is used)? (5 points) 3. After purchasing the townhouses, Willie receives an assessment from the town for $17,500 due in 2 years to pay for road repairs and new sewer hookups for the properties. How much would he need to invest today in a CD paying 5%, compounded semiannually, to fully pay the assessment in 2 years? 4. A friend of Willie’s is a real estate developer and needs to borrow $75,000 to finish a development project. He is desparate for cash and offers Willie 18%, compounded monthly for 2 Â ½ years. Given that he can invest the

Assignment 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 7 - Essay Example In contrast, the expansionist hypothesis relates to women working outside the home as a positive feature of society. Expansionist supporters believe that the more roles a woman takes on, the more multi-tasking that she does, the more fulfilling and successful her life will be. Where scarcity supporters feel that participation in many different roles can essentially run down a woman’s energy resources, supporters of expansionism feel the opposite in that many different roles engage different parts of the brain and actually lead to happier working women. Specifically, multi-tasking is said to have reward association. This means that women working outside the home are subject to achieving role privileges, personality enhancement, and enjoying success in one role when another may not be going so well. A women who works outside the home and also provides the most care for her children can appreciate her success as a mother during tough times at work, and vice versa. Women can also experience an increase in self esteem when they participate in many different roles at the same time; instead of feeling pigeon-holed and relegated to one specific role, be it an outside-the-home job or a role within the household. This is what expansionist supporters are trying to address in their theory: the idea that women cannot exist within and without the home without overexerting themselves and ultimately making themselves miserable and hurting their families in the long run. The scarcity theory does not intend to insinuate that women cannot hold multiple roles successfully, but maintains that they cannot be expected to do so without harming their mental health. In terms of the actual mental health of women, it appears that the more successful roles that women hold, the happier they are. Stress levels can be heightened by holding multiple roles, however this is independent of the women themselves and in general a woman’s happiness is not dependent on the

Puffin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Puffin - Essay Example Puffins most defining feature are their fat beaks that are dull and gray in the winter and then brighten to florescent oranges during the mating season. Puffins have also been called names like "little friar" and "sea parrot" because of their comical markings. Puffins are pelagic, which means they live in and on the water throughout the year and the only time they come on to the land is to reproduce (NHPTV). Puffins mate for life and females only lay one egg a year which both parents care for (Barjaktarovic). The baby puffin, or puffling, is under the supervision of both parents for less than two months and is then ready to take care of him or herself. There are four species of puffins. The Atlantic Puffin, the Horned Puffin, the Tufted Puffin, and the Rhinoceros Auklet. The Atlantic Puffin, otherwise known as the Common Puffin, is the only puffin that can be found on the Atlantic Ocean. There are somewhere between twelve and fifteen million Atlantic Puffins living on the skirts of the Atlantic Ocean (Project Puffin). Most of them can be found near Iceland. Atlantic Puffins are the smallest of the species and can also Page 2 The Horned Puffin gets it's name because of the large mascara-like black markings or "horns" jutting out from it'

PROPOSAL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PROPOSAL - Essay Example Best for startup restaurants with limited work spaces and manpower, the SmartKitchen is designed to have all the kitchen necessities within the chef’s reach. It boasts of a refrigerator, workstation panel, cooking equipment, sink and cleaning area designed strategically within a 2x3 meter workstation. The product was also designed with small and growing families in mind. It is space friendly, yet designed to provide the best facilities for your cooking and baking requirements. The product shall be marketed by SmartKitchen Ltd., exclusive distributor in the area. Production will be outsourced in cooperation with the sub distributors of kitchen equipment in and out of the state. II. TARGET MARKET The company’s target market is startup restaurants, small to medium scale, which needs the perfect solution to space constraints. These are companies who carefully plan their space, ensuring that each square meter is fully utilized towards maximum profitability. They are open to investing in quality kitchen equipment in exchange for lower operational costs. These companies would rather allocate a bigger portion of their stores to their service areas rather than in backroom space. Secondary target market are individuals, couples or families who are also managing their spaces and would like to enjoy the benefit of having a mobile kitchen which they could use and bring with them should they design to transfer places. III. PRODUCTS AND PRICING The key to an effective pricing strategy is to find the right suppliers who will give the best price for each kitchen equipment that would be integrated in the MobileKitchen designs. Therefore, it is crucial for the purchasing team to establish good business partnerships with various suppliers to come up with excellent pricing schemes per module. The price of one module is comparative to the sum of each of the equipment featured, plus the design to make the items fit into the specific working area. The added value would b e its warranties and loyalty programs specific for design and equipment enhancement. Products will be categorized per space area, and per number of kitchen equipment integrated therein. There will be three major categories: The Basic Kitchen, The Enterprising Module and The All-Inclusive Kitchen which will occupy the biggest space of a 5x5 meter workstation. There will also be a customized MobileKitchen whereby a menu of kitchen equipment shall be presented, and which the clients can mix and match according to their requirements. Additional fees shall be charged for extra designs and features. Installation shall likewise be charged separately. IV. MARKETING PLANS The Marketing Communications would simply state the main message: â€Å"Supremacy in Quality and Style†. Such message shall be displayed in all advertising and merchandising efforts aimed at promoting the brand and the product lines themselves. All marketing channels shall be utilized. The brand shall be launched in TV and radio commercials, and also in merchandising materials, billboards and signages all over the city. Internet Marketing will likewise play a large role in product promotions. Internet Marketing has become popular because Internet access is becoming more widely available and used. Well over one-third of consumers who have Internet access at home report to using the Internet to make purchases (Benefits of an Online Marketing Approach 2011). Since target

Ethical dilemmas and the law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ethical dilemmas and the law - Research Paper Example Michael had full knowledge that his childhood best friends were the ones being prosecuted for a wrongdoing, but in spite of this, he had acted as prosecutor to the case as if he had actually defended the victim although he did not. In the first place, there was already a plan on Michael’s part to use the case to chase the remaining jail guards, who had molested and tortured them, while they were incarcerated at the Wilkinson Home. As a prosecutor, Michael was obliged to present evidences that will prove John and Tommy’s involvement in the crime. It was Michael’s responsibility to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that his were friends were not innocent, and that he, as a prosecutor, will not tolerate a wrongdoing even if it had been committed by someone close to him. However, this was not the case because Michael was certain of his conviction to help his friends, whatever it takes. Crucial decisions that take into account the due process of law need to depend on et hical considerations (â€Å"The importance,† 2004, p. 4). Prosecuting lawyers should have their own set of ethical standards to avoid instances, when a defendant will be convicted of a crime he or she never committed (Tucker, 2012). While these ethical considerations or standards are applicable to the job of a prosecutor, it may become different if the prosecutor uses his position in the case to let the defendant escape the punishment of law or to reverse the case in favor of the defendant’s party.

PROPOSAL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PROPOSAL - Essay Example Best for startup restaurants with limited work spaces and manpower, the SmartKitchen is designed to have all the kitchen necessities within the chef’s reach. It boasts of a refrigerator, workstation panel, cooking equipment, sink and cleaning area designed strategically within a 2x3 meter workstation. The product was also designed with small and growing families in mind. It is space friendly, yet designed to provide the best facilities for your cooking and baking requirements. The product shall be marketed by SmartKitchen Ltd., exclusive distributor in the area. Production will be outsourced in cooperation with the sub distributors of kitchen equipment in and out of the state. II. TARGET MARKET The company’s target market is startup restaurants, small to medium scale, which needs the perfect solution to space constraints. These are companies who carefully plan their space, ensuring that each square meter is fully utilized towards maximum profitability. They are open to investing in quality kitchen equipment in exchange for lower operational costs. These companies would rather allocate a bigger portion of their stores to their service areas rather than in backroom space. Secondary target market are individuals, couples or families who are also managing their spaces and would like to enjoy the benefit of having a mobile kitchen which they could use and bring with them should they design to transfer places. III. PRODUCTS AND PRICING The key to an effective pricing strategy is to find the right suppliers who will give the best price for each kitchen equipment that would be integrated in the MobileKitchen designs. Therefore, it is crucial for the purchasing team to establish good business partnerships with various suppliers to come up with excellent pricing schemes per module. The price of one module is comparative to the sum of each of the equipment featured, plus the design to make the items fit into the specific working area. The added value would b e its warranties and loyalty programs specific for design and equipment enhancement. Products will be categorized per space area, and per number of kitchen equipment integrated therein. There will be three major categories: The Basic Kitchen, The Enterprising Module and The All-Inclusive Kitchen which will occupy the biggest space of a 5x5 meter workstation. There will also be a customized MobileKitchen whereby a menu of kitchen equipment shall be presented, and which the clients can mix and match according to their requirements. Additional fees shall be charged for extra designs and features. Installation shall likewise be charged separately. IV. MARKETING PLANS The Marketing Communications would simply state the main message: â€Å"Supremacy in Quality and Style†. Such message shall be displayed in all advertising and merchandising efforts aimed at promoting the brand and the product lines themselves. All marketing channels shall be utilized. The brand shall be launched in TV and radio commercials, and also in merchandising materials, billboards and signages all over the city. Internet Marketing will likewise play a large role in product promotions. Internet Marketing has become popular because Internet access is becoming more widely available and used. Well over one-third of consumers who have Internet access at home report to using the Internet to make purchases (Benefits of an Online Marketing Approach 2011). Since target

Small scale action research study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Small scale action research study - Essay Example Findings V. Analysis and Interpretation VI. Conclusion and Recommendations Small Scale Action Research Study I. Introduction This research study deals with how years 1 and 2 primary school children in my school approach reading; these children are aged five to six years. The research study is aimed at not only finding out how their reading skills can be improved, but also how this relates to the previous reading levels in my school. Reading among these children has been gradually deteriorating with time. It has been characterized by several difficulties. The nature of these reading problems coincides with what most reputable scholarly researchers have already studied sometime back cons in relation to this. The nature of the problems of readers who are struggling is quite complex. Over time, study has indicated that the complexity emanates from the individual differences that are present within any group that undertakes a reading. The reading struggle among the children is characteriz ed by the different approaches, skills, and dispositions. This makes it difficult for those reading to make sense of the print. Studies continue to reveal that both poor decoding and poor comprehension are among examples of aspects that struggling readers may posses. Besides, they also have difficulties in both vocabulary and language skills (Allington and McGill-Franzen, 2009, p. 221). Since September 2010, the Early Reading Research (ERR) has been used in my school. Since the time it was introduced, I have taken note of reading improvement among the children. The schools has teaching assistants who are not only experienced, but also industrious, and have really been surprised by the steps of improvement in reading levels attained by the children up to this far. I am still not certain of the fact that the National Literacy Strategy is the best approach to reading in our schools, due to the observed worsening trend of the reading level among the children. Before the National Literac y Strategy came into force, there was another Reading programme referred to as the Early Reading Research by Essex Lea. Thus the research question in this study is how effective is the Early Reading Research (ERR) by Essex Lea in solving the reading problem of children in my school? Interest for this area of study is motivated by the outcomes of the recently carried out research by the Essex Lea and the Leverhulme Trust on the efficiency of the Early Reading Research in comparison to other reading programmes. The study was based on classroom empirical investigations that was carried out on a large scale basis coupled with small scale cases to establish how children’s learning could be impacted with various principles of instruction. Apart from establishing the most efficient methods of teaching reading, Early Reading Research was also used in examining not only the level to which age and skill reading targets could be reached by each child, but also the prevention of particul ar difficulties in reading. This research study encompasses various sections that reveal the literature review, method of data collection, findings, analysis and interpretation, and conclusion together with recommendations. II. Literature Review a. The Significance of Reading Most people do not just take reading lightly, but also they do not easily see how difficult life can be for those who have not read. Print is available at almost every place that surrounds us that is on adverts, shop names, product instructions and novels, just to mention but a

Fuge in C Minor- Bach Essay Example for Free

Fuge in C Minor- Bach Essay Johann Sebastian Bach’s was born on the 21st of March 1685 and died in 1750. He was a German composer, during the Baroque period. His Fugue in C minor was written in the middle years of his life, 1722. A fugue is a contrapuntal composition, where a subject is developed. It has 3 main parts an Exposition, Middle section and the Final Section. The exposition is where the subject/theme of the piece is first announced, and is then answered by other voices. In Bach’s Fugue in C minor it is written for three parts, the Soprano, alto and bass. It is the alto who first states the subject in bar 1. The subject is the theme of which the fugue is established. This subject finishes on the first beat of bar 3. After this subject is stated the alto starts with a counter subject (accompanies the subject), while the soprano voice answers the subject with the answer (transposition of the subject). This answer is tonal, because the intervals are not exactly the same and it is in the dominant key of G minor. Between where the final voice, the bass enters with the subject and where the answer finished is a small 2 bar codetta, where both the soprano voice is based on the subject in sequence and the alto voice is based on the counter subject in sequence. Jus before the bass enters there is a false entry in the alto voice. When the Bass enters with the subject at bar 7 in it’s original form and both of the other parts continue with countersubject material. At the first down beat of bar 9 the exposition finishes. The middle section is where subject is developed it is also where episode 1 starts. An episode is a connecting passage, developed from previous material. Episode 1 starts off with the soprano and alto voice in stretto, where one voice comes in before the other has finished, and the bass is accompanying them with scalar passages based on the countersubject material. Bar 11 is the first middle section is heard. It consists of the soprano voice having the subject, but in a different key. The bass with counter subject material accompanies it. Episode 2 where soprano voice has the contrary motion of the counter subject and the lower two parts are in thirds ccompanying. Bar 15 is the 2nd middle entry in G minor, where the subject is heard by the alto with the soprano with counter subject material. The third episode starts in bar 17 where the soprano and bass voices have the subject material in rising sequence. The alto part is based on the counter subject but in contrary motion to the original counter subject. At bar 18 the alto and bass parts swap parts. The final section (where the piece returns to it’s original key) starts at the 3rd middle entry in bars 20. The 3rd middle entry goes from bar 20 to the first downbeat of bar 22. It has the soprano voice with the subject, while the bass and alto hold the countersubject. Episode 4 is the longest as it goes from bar 22 to half way through 26, it is in C minor. At the start of this episode the soprano and alto voices are in stretto like they were in episode 1. The bass part continues with the counter subject material until the end of the episode 4. At bar 25 the soprano has the subject. The soprano and bass swap parts half way through bar 26 and this is the start of the 4th middle entry. The 4th middle entry returns to C minor, here the soprano and bass swap parts and the bass has the subject. In bars 29 to the end we hear a coda. This is where we hear the subject for the last time after a short cadential phrase. This is accompanied by a pedal not in the bass. Overall Bach’s Fugue in C minor is written very similar to what generally a fugue is. Fugue in C minor has an Exposition, middle section and final section. He has also put in four episodes and four middle entries. The four episodes are bars 9-13, 14-17, 18-21, 22-31. The Four middle entries are bars 11-13, 15-17, 19-22, 26-28. This fugue ends like many other fugue’s with the subject heard one last time in the original tonic key.

Clinical Computer Standards of Student Restorative Clinic

Clinical Computer Standards of Student Restorative Clinic Audit to assess the clinical computer standards of the student restorative clinic in the University of Manchester dental hospital Introduction: The use of computers in clinics is a useful tool for clinicians, however it can create challenges for their users with regards to cross infection control and patient data protection. The GDC (General Dental Council) and CMFT (Central Manchester Foundation Trust) have set standards for cross infection control and handling patient data. These standards were used to assess the clinical computer use on the ground floor restorative clinic in the University of Manchester dental hospital. Method: Clinical computers were assessed and data collected over the period of two weeks on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. The computers were assessed using a data collection sheet. Results were compiled and analysed. Results: 89% of computers met the standards for data protection, 57% of the computers met the standards for cross infection control. Conclusion: The results show that standards for cross infection control for the computers on the clinic were particularly poor. They also showed that standards for data protection are not being met by some users of computers in the clinic. Action plan: Students and staff on the student restorative clinic should be made aware of results and recommendations should be implemented. A repeat audit should be undertaken in 12 months to monitor any improvement. Background The use of clinical computers in the dental hospital has a significant role in patient care. With the introduction of software to handle patient notes being introduced in September 2014 this is even more relevant than ever before. Now that students use the computers to record all their clinical notes, there is a larger amount of patient data being stored on them and the computers are being used much more frequently. Whilst the use of computers for clinical purposes can be a useful tool for clinicians, it also poses new challenges to those using them. Personal information of patients should be protected at all times and this means storing records securely where they will not be seen by other patients, unauthorised healthcare staff or members of the public (GDC, 2005) . Appropriate cross infection control should also be maintained when using computers on clinic. Cross infection control precautions are necessary to ensure the safety of patients and healthcare personnel (NHS, 2010). Therefore staff and students need to be aware of the proper procedures to follow when using the computers as part of their clinical practices. The clinical computers on the ground floor restorative clinics are situated within the clinical bays and are accessible to students and staff during and after treatment. Access to these computers is restricted through a password log-in providing they have been logged out of. Many of these computers have patient data freely accessible once the computers have been logged into. Currently there is no specific instruction to students to log out of the machines after use. The computers on the clinic use a conventional keyboard and mouse to operate. This creates a potential problem for cross infection as the computers are often used during treatment of patients. Aims and objectives The aim of this audit is to ensure that CMFT and GDC standards for cross infection control and patient confidentiality are adhered to in the dental hospital ground floor clinic with respect to clinical computer use. The objective of this audit is to assess the quality of cross infection control procedures and patient confidentiality with regards to clinical computer use and to devise implementations which can be made to improve practices and meet the standards set. Standards In order to assess the use of the clinical computers within the restorative clinic I have used policies and standards set by the CMFT and GDC Nationally. The CMFT have policies on cross infection and patient data protection available here: http://www.cmft.nhs.uk/your-trust/freedom-of-information/our-policies-and-procedures The policy document ‘Records Management: NHS Code of Practice’ outlines that equipment used to store records should provide storage that is safe and secure from unauthorised access and which meets health and safety regulations. The NHS policy document ‘standard infection control precautions’ provides guidance for the proper cross infection control procedures for care equipment available: http://www.nhsprofessionals.nhs.uk/download/comms/cg1_nhsp_standard_infection_control_precautions_v3.pdf The General dental council also has set standards for all dental professionals to follow and has a document available which outlines the need for patient confidentiality and the responsibility of dental professionals to maintain it. http://www.gdc-uk.org/Dentalprofessionals/Standards/Documents/PatientConfidentiality[1].pdf All students and staff using clinical computers should meet these standards. Method The audit was carried out retrospectively. A total of 45 Computers on the ground floor restorative clinic were assessed on Monday, Wednesday and Friday afternoon for 2 weeks. Computers were assessed using a data collection sheet (appendix 1). Data from the collection sheet was compiled and analysed. The data collection sheet gathered information for the following categories: Cross infection control Computer hardware which must be touched for use i.e. Keyboards and mice were checked for appropriate barrier guard protection and cross infection control procedures. Computer keyboards must have barrier protection as appropriate cross infection control cannot be achieved by wiping with disinfectant due to the structure of the keyboards being used. The mice which are used can be wiped and so students were asked if they had wiped the mouse after use. Students were also asked if they had wiped the plastic cover of the keyboards. Keyboards which did not have barrier protection and those which did and were not wiped were deemed to not meet the standards of the CMFT. Mice which were not wiped with disinfectant were also deemed to not meet the standards of the CMFT. Data protection Computers were assessed to see if the users had logged off after use. Computers were also assessed to see if there was personally identifiable patient data accessible without restriction. Any computers with unrestricted patient data were deemed to not meet the standards set by the GDC and CMFT. Results The results from the collection sheet from all 6 days were compiled to give an average over the two weeks which were converted into percentages represented in the graphs below. Cross Infection Control This graph shows the percentage of the computers which had a plastic barrier guard protection over the keyboard at the end of the sessions. From the data collected an average of 24% of computers in the ground floor restorative clinic had no barrier protection during the clinical sessions. Of the computers which had barrier protection I asked the students from these bays if they had wiped the plastic barrier guard with disinfectant, the results are shown below. The graph shows that on average over the two weeks 18% of the keyboards with barrier protection were not wiped with disinfectant at the end of the clinical session. All of the mice for the clinical computers in ground floor restorative have no barrier protection and so students were asked if they had wiped the mice at the end of the session, the results of which are shown below. The data collected showed that on average over the two weeks 21% of students had not wiped down the mice with disinfectant after using them. Computers which did not have barrier protection for the keyboard and those which did but were not wiped as well as those with mice that weren’t wiped were considered to have inappropriate cross infection control. The total results represented as a percentage in the chart below. The data collected showed that in total 43% of computers being used in the ground floor restorative clinic were not meeting CMFT standards for cross infection control. Data Protection This graph shows the percentage of computers which were logged out of at the end of the clinical sessions over the two weeks. The data collected shows that 52% of computers on ground floor restorative were not logged out of at the end of the session creating a potential data protection issue. Computers were also assessed to see if any personally identifiable patient data was freely accessible without restriction, results shown as a percentage in the graph below. The data collected showed that 11% of the computers on ground floor restorative clinic had personally identifiable patient data freely accessible without restriction and thus these computers were deemed to be unsecure in terms of patient data protection. Therefore these computers do not meet the standards set by the CMFT and GDC for patient confidentiality. Conclusion Using the guidelines set by the CMFT and GDC I have assessed the clinical computer standards of the ground floor restorative clinic with regards to cross infection control and data protection of patients. The results show that only 57% of computers in the ground floor restorative clinic meet the standards of cross infection control. This was mostly due to barrier guards on keyboards not being used but it was also the case that students were not using disinfectant wipes on both the keyboards and mice. 89% of the computers meet the standards for data protection. The remaining 11% was a result of patient data being accessible directly from logged in machines thus the information was not secured. The results show that there is significant improvement to be made in the practices of staff and students using the computers on clinic to better protect patient confidentiality and wellbeing. Therefore action should be taken and recommendations implemented to improve the clinical computer standa rds of the clinic. Recommendations and action plan The results of this audit should be discussed with students who use the ground floor restorative clinic. It would also be useful to discuss the results with clinical tutors and other healthcare staff on clinic who oversee work done by students and who also sometimes use the computers. The clinical induction period for students at the start of the year would be an appropriate time to give specific instruction to students regarding clinical computer use. The instruction should highlight the correct cross infection control procedures for the computers including mandatory use of a barrier guard for keyboards and use of disinfectant wiped for both the keyboard barrier and mice. This could be included with other cross infection control inductions such as hand washing and usage of the clinical units. Instruction should also be given to students to log out of machines after use. If 100% of student implement this recommendation then data protection issues regarding the clinical computers would be largely resolved. The audit should be repeated in 12 months’ time to investigate any if any improvements have been made following implementation of recommendations. This allows time for the yearly clinical induction for students to have taken place. References GDC 2005. General Dental Council. Standards Guidance. Principals of patient confidentiality. Available: http://www.gdc-uk.org/Dentalprofessionals/Standards/Documents/PatientConfidentiality[1].pdf NHS 2010. NHS Professionals. Standard infection control precautions. Available: http://www.nhsprofessionals.nhs.uk/download/comms/cg1_nhsp_standard_infection_control_precautions_v3.pdf Appendix 1 1

Artificial Insemination :: Pregnancy Reproduction Essays

Artificial Insemination There are different types of responsibility involved in human reproduction. With modern biomedical technology the question of â€Å"who is responsible?† comes up a lot more. Artificial insemination is one of newer forms of technology that involves that question, which includes moral, and social responsibility. In â€Å"Artificial Insemination† Munson raises the question not only of who’s responsible but also what responsibilities and rights the sperm donor has and where fatherhood comes into place in that situation. He argues that the responsibilities of the donor are severed from the child produced but has the responsibility of quality, meaning informing the bank of any diseases and family history. Mainly the topic Munson seems to focus on is the responsibility the sperm donor has to the child. He believes that â€Å"The donor’s actions consist only in donating (selling) his sperm†¦ some responsibility attach to such actions, but the responsibility of being a moral father is not among them†. The moral father of a child does not necessarily mean the biological father, but the man that is involved in planning or actions, such as intercourse, towards the pregnancy. Munson then supports his arguments well with the example of two court cases. The case of People vs. Sorenson shows that Mr. Sorensen, even after divorcing his wife, was still responsible for the child even if he wasn’t the biological father. He was involved with the planning and consented to his wife getting pregnant using artificial insemination, therefore was held liable for child support. Munson then explained that â€Å"the sperm donor was explicitly held to be no differe nt from a blood donor†. The other case used was the case of CM vs. CC. In that case CM, the supplier of the sperm was also implicated in the planning of the pregnancy. Even though CC and CM were dating exclusively during most of the pregnancy, when they separated CC refused to allow CM visit the child. The court found the manner in which CC was impregnated irrelevant and granted him visitation rights and parental obligations. The use of this case shows that even though artificial insemination was used, the man involved in the planning, who also happened to be the donor, is the moral father. Artificial Insemination :: Pregnancy Reproduction Essays Artificial Insemination There are different types of responsibility involved in human reproduction. With modern biomedical technology the question of â€Å"who is responsible?† comes up a lot more. Artificial insemination is one of newer forms of technology that involves that question, which includes moral, and social responsibility. In â€Å"Artificial Insemination† Munson raises the question not only of who’s responsible but also what responsibilities and rights the sperm donor has and where fatherhood comes into place in that situation. He argues that the responsibilities of the donor are severed from the child produced but has the responsibility of quality, meaning informing the bank of any diseases and family history. Mainly the topic Munson seems to focus on is the responsibility the sperm donor has to the child. He believes that â€Å"The donor’s actions consist only in donating (selling) his sperm†¦ some responsibility attach to such actions, but the responsibility of being a moral father is not among them†. The moral father of a child does not necessarily mean the biological father, but the man that is involved in planning or actions, such as intercourse, towards the pregnancy. Munson then supports his arguments well with the example of two court cases. The case of People vs. Sorenson shows that Mr. Sorensen, even after divorcing his wife, was still responsible for the child even if he wasn’t the biological father. He was involved with the planning and consented to his wife getting pregnant using artificial insemination, therefore was held liable for child support. Munson then explained that â€Å"the sperm donor was explicitly held to be no differe nt from a blood donor†. The other case used was the case of CM vs. CC. In that case CM, the supplier of the sperm was also implicated in the planning of the pregnancy. Even though CC and CM were dating exclusively during most of the pregnancy, when they separated CC refused to allow CM visit the child. The court found the manner in which CC was impregnated irrelevant and granted him visitation rights and parental obligations. The use of this case shows that even though artificial insemination was used, the man involved in the planning, who also happened to be the donor, is the moral father.

Narrative Flow Of The Current System

Narrative Flow of the Current System GO Computers opens at 8:00 AM until 7:30 PM and is open from Monday to Sunday. The persons that are involved in the company are the Manager, Technician's and the Cashier. The Manager is responsible for the overall operation of the business. He is responsible for overseeing and supervising the company's activities and employees. He hires, train and evaluate new employees. He drives the work of employees in order to run the business efficiently and make a large profit. And specializes in marketing, public relations and sales.The Manager checks the Daily Sales Report kept by the Cashier to keep track Of the products sold in a particular time. The Technician installs hardware and software systems, maintain and repair equipment's, troubleshoot various computer or laptop issues and offer technical support on-site, setup PC's for home users or fix customers faulty equipment's and prepare the cost estimates for repair or new installations. The technician is responsible in opening the shop and should be present at all times in order to attend to customers entering to get their equipment's checked or repaired.The Cashier provides the last-desk customer service by taking payments from customers in exchange of goods or services. The cashier accept and processes cash, exchanges and managing the cash drawer. The cashier is also responsible in registering products in the inventory and in making and encoding the customers receiving slip. And before the closing time, the cashier is the one who makes the Daily Sales Report. The company's workplace is divided into 2. One is the technicians repair area where all repair equipments used are found and product testing, preparing, assembling and troubleshooting takes place.Second is the cashiers work desk, it is where cash related topics occur like exchanging, purchasing and also in making the daily sales report for the profit acquired by the company on the specified date. In product registration, t he cashier opens the file document named GO Computers Inventory using Microsoft excel then encode the product's brand name, model and quantity and retail price basing in each products respective category. After encoding and finalizing the product registration, the cashier eaves the document in a specified location on the computer.For product purchase, the technician checks the unit or product and presents it to the customer to make sure that the item is working properly before leaving the establishment's premises. And makes sure that all parts included for the product to be purchased are organized and tested. On services, for customers who entered for their gadgets or equipment to be repaired by the technician they are given estimated time and cost of the repair after the checkup. If the customer agrees and go with the repair, the unit will be achieved using a receiving slip.The receiving slip is an already printed format to receive items of customers for repair. The slip has the cu stomers name, address and contact number, date of receive, number of the slip for the unit received, specifications of the unit in order to easily locate and make sure of the protection of the customers item and for organization, problem description, price and customers signature. The technician writes down using a ball pen the present date, specifications of the item with its corresponding serial numbers, description of the units problem and price given. Then the slip is handed to the customer to fill up the needed information.There are two papers used as receiving slips, one is issued for the customer the Other is for the company. The technician uses carbon paper in between both paper in writing down the needed information. Once the repair is successful, the technician burn tests the unit for the next few days to make sure the product is working properly. The customer will be contacted by the technician to inform if the repair was successful or not. If successful, the customer wil l be directed to the cashier for the receipt and moment of the service rendered. In customer payments, the company use BIRR (Bureau of Internal Revenue) cash invoice.The cash in voice is a small piece of paper used as receipt and is given to customers. Its format has the brand and name of product, quantity or the number of units, name of customer, and date of the specified time, and price of product and a blank space for cashier's signature. In encoding, the cashier writes down using a ball pen filling up all the information needed and is handed to the customer as proof that they purchased the item. And as for product warranty, the company provides a specified format to be used and given for the customer. It is called warranty slip.The warranty vary upon the category and price of the product or service. For purchased laptop or a computer set the warranty given is one year. For computer and laptop parts and accessories the warranty given is three months. And for items with price tags ranging below five hundred pesos are given two weeks of warranty. The warranty slip issued format has customers name, date, brand and name of product, products specification and serial number, quantity of product, detail price, price discounted, total price, signature of the cashier whom prepared the slip, approval signature of the technician or the manager and signature of the customer.The slip is encoded by the cashier in the computer with a file format of Microsoft excel. After filling up the required information the cashier prints out two warranty slip to be signed by the cashier, by the technician or manager present and the customer. Product exchange, the product bought by the customer will be checked by the technician. And the receipt together with the warranty slip given should be resented to the cashier in order to validate the complaint.If the product was found defective, it could either be replaced if there are available products or it would be sent back to the products r epair center to determine whether the product can be granted its warranty. And if not the product will be returned back to the customer. This privilege is available for laptops purchased only. Another option, is replacement for a new product as long as they are Of the same price and the warranty cover stated in the warranty slip is not void.For placement of product, the cashier takes the warranty and receipt of the customer and replaces it with a new receipt and warranty slip for the replaced item. But the warranty of the new product is still the same as the time when the defective unit was purchased. The inventory is divided into categories. One is name of product, retail price, quantity and date. In editing the inventory the cashier opens the file GO Computers Inventory which is in a Microsoft excel format. Then one by one adjusts the cells to add, edit and delete products. Encode number of units sold in a day in every cell.After finalizing, the cashiers saves the file document. A nd before closing, the cashier writes down the Daily sales report using a ball pen. The sales report has the present date, total profit from yesterdays report, income from services, accessories and down payment of customers, salaries and other expenses and the total profit earned for the day. In the sales report the cashier encodes the profit earned in the present day, salaries expenses, and the available cash. Then calls the manager after tallying to inform of the profit earned. After, then at 7:30 the technician closes the shop.

Discuss the Presentation of the American Dream in John Steinbeck’s Novel, “Of Mice and Men” Essay

â€Å"The American Dream†, the leap from â€Å"rags to riches†, is a dream that has always been thought of as achievable through hard work. To achieve the American dream you must leave all you have and be willing to give up everything for excitement, adventure and a better life. It is a romantic view of life where someone can leave his or her troubles behind and find happiness. The concept of the American Dream is often viewed in conjunction with the Western Frontier. For many years, America was a country with a frontier. Early colonisation took place on the East Coast and the frontier played a pivotal role in American thinking where it stood as a boundary beyond which civilisation ceased to exist. Beyond the frontier lay many miles of land, which was for the taking, and a life of excitement and adventure, where men could have free of the cares of urban or modern life. People rarely took advantage what the frontier lands had to offer, but it acted as a safety valve as people felt they could follow the American Dream if they wanted. The Dream and the frontier could be referred to in any time of need for Americans. Many authors have explored the concept of the American dream in their work, including John Steinbeck. I am going to explore how Steinbeck has presented the American dream in the novel, â€Å"Of Mice and Men†. The novel is set in the great depression of the 1930’s. At this time, the country’s economy was going through a severe drop and thousands found themselves with nothing. Many looked to the American Dream and a vision of the western frontier, as a means for a better life. The novel represents a microcosm of America at this time, with various characters representing a different group of people in the time of the American depression. In the main body of this essay I will study the dreams of George and Lennie, Candy, Crooks, and Curley’s Wife and how they are employed in the Novel, â€Å"of Mice and Men†. I will explore the functions and general roles that these dreams play to the people concerned. Finally I shall study how and why these dreams go wrong. George Milton and Lennie Small are the main protagonists in the novel, and share the main dream. It is a typical itinerant worker’s dream, where a man can follow the American dream and buy some land to live on and be his own boss. It is a dream focusing on living for oneself as Lennie says, â€Å"An’ live off the fatta the lan'†. The dream is of ten acres of land with a house. Here they can grow what they need to survive with a â€Å"vegetable patch and a rabbit hutch and chickens†. This dream would mean they only worked when they wanted to, giving them independence and in general a variable life. This would mean small advantages like not working if the weather wasn’t nice enough or â€Å"if a fren’ came along†¦ we’d say: â€Å"Why don’t you spen’ the night,† an’ by God he would†. The dream offers freedom from the life they know. They could leave all their troubles behind and start out fresh usin g the money they worked for. It gives them pride to think they can do it, and became members of the owners. For George and Lennie, the dream has many features of appeal. The first is that they can reap the fruits of their own labour. This is an ancient, biblical notion where in the Bible it states â€Å"as yes shall reap, so shall ye sow†. This is honest and humble living. The dream offers autonomy and also self-control linking to freedom and the ambition of the self made man, as George says, â€Å"we’d have our own place where we belonged†. The men will feel they belong there as they have environmental ownership so the dream also offers long-term security, â€Å"it would be our own, and nobody could can us†. This means financial security as well as social security, as Lennie can be controlled as George has appointed him to look after the rabbits. Society doesn’t know how to control someone like Lennie, and keeping him isolated and protected will keep him safe. As they consider the dream, they live in a bunkhouse with six other men, and so the dream presents privacy. Overall there would be a role reversal as George and Lennie could control and put limits on manual labour of their own, â€Å"If we don’t like a guy we can say: â€Å"Get the hell out†. They could also have the ability to form relationships and put down solid roots, as they would be stationery, rather than moving around all the time. On the ranch, Crooks and Candy are the only permanent workers and they don’t have any relationships: after all the ranch is a lonely place, and all other men come and go. The dream serves many functions. It doesn’t seem plausible at many points in the novel and we never really feel that it can happen but it’s the thought that it could which directs the way many of the characters think. The dream is a comfort and boosts the morale of George and Lennie when they need solace. Ironically at times when they most need it in this respect, it seems furthest away. The dream is a way to make life more variable and in doing so more bearable: their current lives are all very scheduled. One of the most important roles of the dream in the lives of Lennie and George is that it is used as a tool to keep Lennie under control. Lennie’s focus throughout the novel is on tending the rabbits. For Lennie as a character, the dream represents a place of safety. George uses the story like a bedtime story for Lennie. It’s like a fairy tale showing how subconsciously at least, the dream isn’t feasible. To the shrewd reader, the dream is never presented as realistic. At face value the reader’s mind is guided by the opinion of George and the structure of the novel: whenever the dream seems plausible, something happens to halt it. Conflicts are continuously brewing and it appears impossible for the dream to realise itself as Lennie’s behaviour threatens it at all times. George describes Lennie continuously as a â€Å"liability†. There is constant evidence of this that structurally point forward to Lennie’s behaviour causing the dream to end. Firstly, George tells the story of Weed where Lennie caused trouble when he didn’t mean any harm, and we actually witness Lennie’s liability when we see he has killed the puppy, again when he didn’t mean to. His overwhelming strength is often described as animalistic. The animal imagery used to describe him represents how he is simply not human, and more importantly he is below. His actions are all instinctive with images of his clutch like a â€Å"bear†. Another aspect of Lennie’s character is that he poses such strength and can never be contained because as Slim says, â€Å"he’s like a child, ain’t he†. Lennie is too often underestimated, and George is often seen as culpable as he is the one that underestimates his potential for destruction most. George often turns a blind eye to Lennie’s problems due to the nature of their relationship: it is a rare strong bond of companionship with mutual gain: â€Å"I got you to look after me and you got me to look after you†. The reader is directed by George’s language. His words are always rhythmic and show that subconsciously he doesn’t ever believe in it. Even when it appears they are close to the dream his words have a negative undertone, suggesting the dream is a long way away; â€Å"the future cats which might dare to disturb the future rabbits†. We hear from George at numerous points in the novel of the counter dream. It is the idea that he could live a normal life without the burden of Lennie. This would include making money then blowing it immediately on short, immoral pleasures. The continuous mention of the counter dream shows us a reality rather than a dream that is lived by many of the men. It is just another reminder of how unrealistic the dream is. The ending of the novel consists of the inevitable shattering of the dream. Lennie is eventually killed by George with the same gun that killed Candy’s dog and in the same way, for the same sort of reasons; society can’t deal with certain members. Directly foreboding aspects point forward to the death of the dream. In particular, is the figure of Curley’s Wife with her protective violent husband. Her loneliness caused her to be an underlying problem throughout the novel and her death physically signified the death of the dream because it signified the death of Lennie. This is because the dream could not exist without both George and Lennie due to their long emotional bond. It is a relationship of mutual gain and among other things, both men have companionship unlike any other on the ranch. Without this, George particularly, would live out the counter dream. The novel is circular as suggested in the title which comes from a Burns poem: â€Å"The best laid plans o’mice and men†¦ leave us nought but grief and pain†. At the beginning of the Novel, George makes Lennie remember where to run to if he gets in trouble. Therefore, we know that the novel will come full circle due to Lennie’s behaviour. This is such a problem because society doesn’t know how to deal with the insane, and as Slim comments, the only way society knows how to deal with people like Lennie, â€Å"That ain’t no good†. Therefore what shatters the dream, is Lennie’s death due to Lennie’s character and also subsequently the men’s reactions. All of the men underestimate Lennie’s control over himself including the â€Å"god-like† Slim who says, â€Å"He ain’t a mean guy†. Because he’s underestimated, he can never learn and never has done. Even when he murders Curley’s wife, he thinks he should hide the puppy, which he previously killed. George kills Lennie but leaves in his mind the thought that the dream will still come true, â€Å"You†¦ an’ me.† This means that the dream is never really shattered for Lennie. For George, there is nothing left, and the dream is destroyed, with George only left with the counter dream. Candy becomes caught up with the main dream. It should be noted that it is not his dream so it’s hard to feel that he could ever feel the same way about it as George and Lennie. At the time, Candy had become completely alone, as Carlson had shot his dog, his only companion. Candy felt he should have been the one to shoot the dog, â€Å"I shouldn’t ought to of let no stranger shoot my dog†. He is therefore emotionally unstable as he feels he has nothing left. Candy builds up courage to ask if he can be apart of the dream, â€Å"S’pose I went in with you guys†. His offer is a suggestion, but as it is of financial backing it is too great for George to resist. There are many features of appeal for Candy apart from the features he shares that George and Lennie will gain. The land offers Candy a place of safety like for Lennie. But unlike Lennie, Candy’s safety is in retirement. The land will be a peaceful place to live after his retirement. He knows that when he stops swamping he will be â€Å"canned†, just like how his dog was shot. But the dream has other features of appeal for Candy. It gives him a sense of self-respect and dignity. Being thrown out with nothing would kill his self esteem at the end of his life, but owning his own land would restore his confidence in himself so he could die a happy man. The last main feature of appeal for Candy is companionship. He always has people around him on the ranch but because he’s permanent and all the others aren’t, Candy never really gains their friendship. Owning the land with George and Lennie would mean he has people to spend the end of his life with: â€Å"I’d make a will an’ leave my share to you guys†. This is obvious but the fact that he has no one else he could give the money to is proof of his loneliness, a key theme of this novel. Candy’s involvement in the dream no doubt gives it a more realistic dimension. The fact that George’s â€Å"eyes were full of wonder† when Candy becomes involved suggests is more realistic. The time scale involved until the dream’s completion has been decreased and it is in the near future. The problem of Lennie not being able to be kept under control was seemingly dealt with, as Candy ands Lennie could move on to the land and set up the farm whilst George works for the rest of the money needed. It seems as if the dream is very likely, however, we find that the time scale to get the land is a month. This doesn’t seem a long time, but we know there’s no way Lennie can be kept under control for a whole month. Evidence of this is his behaviour in Weed. Therefore, although Candy’s involvement makes the dream much more realistic, it still isn’t really plausible. Candy is the first to discover the body of Curley’s Wife. Subconsciously he is the one that first knows the end of his dream is nigh, â€Å"his face was hard and tight as wood†. When he looks for confirmation he speaks â€Å"his greatest fear†. Candy â€Å"dropped his head† showing how he has been defeated and destroyed psychologically and spiritually. The reader already knows the implications that this has for his future. Indeed, the issue of Candy raises the idea of protest against the treatment of the elderly in the microcosm of the ranch, which represents the bigger macrocosm that is 1930’s America. At this time the elderly were not treated very well, and in the position in which Candy stands, as he grows too old to work, he’ll be â€Å"canned† and will have nothing, not even companionship. We know that Candy will suffer this utilitarian view, suffering the same fate as his dog. Crooks has a cynical view of the dream, he thinks it’s â€Å"crazy†. He says, â€Å"†You’re nuts† Crooks was scornful, â€Å"I seen hundreds of men come by and they all got that same damn thing in their heads.†Ã¢â‚¬  It’s clear that his view has developed over time, as Crooks is one of only two men on the ranch that are permanent. The scornful view is also linked to his bitterness; you get a sense that Crooks doesn’t want people to succeed due to his hard life and his own limited destiny as a black man. He’s always studying his rights as a black man, as seen by the â€Å"mauled copy of the California civil code†. He remembers when he lived on his father’s own land and he had equality in his once innocent mind when he was a child. Now, in his own words, â€Å"If I say something, why it’s just a nigger saying it†. Another issue for Crooks is that he’s living in such a racist time in history, that he suffers severely from loneliness. He’s surrounded by men crippled in some way by society, and he is himself physically crippled, yet he must tend to his own injuries, constantly rubbing ointment into his back. He’s constantly segregated, living in an annex of barn, in a room littered with broken imagery, â€Å"broken harness†¦ a split collar†. He always tries to retain pride, â€Å"he kept his distance and demanded that other people kept theirs†. The truth is that he’s forced to be separated from the other men. It’s these social boundaries that have kept Crooks lonely throughout his life; the way Candy has to break through an emotional threshold to walk into Crooks’ room gives a very small implication that the two â€Å"permanent† men could possibly have been companions in different circumstances. Crooks has suffered so much in his life, that he has no capacity to dream left as he speaks of the al the men he has seen speaking of the same dream of land waiting for them â€Å"Just like heaven†. This biblical imagery refers to how Crooks feels that there is no such thing as paradise; only suffering exists. Despite his deeply negative view of the dream, even Crooks becomes caught up in it. The fact that the cynic is converted directs the reader to once again thinking the dream is possible. The dream has so many features of appeal for Crooks that he cannot help but believe in it. After all he believes he has rights as he studies and speaks of them constantly. The dream would give him rights in many ways, socially and economically. It would give him companionship, something denied to him due to social boundaries. He thirsts for companionship as we see when Candy enters his room; â€Å"It was difficult for Crooks to conceal his pleasure with anger†. The dream offers Crooks many similar aspects as it offers Candy. Safety is one of these. Like Candy, Crooks is crippled and getting older so the dream will give him security when the time where he won’t be able to work will come. The dream will thereafter offer a peaceful resting place after his retirement. One reason why Crooks is so focused on his rights is that rights will give him dignity and a sense of self-respect. He is described as a â€Å"a proud, aloof man† yet in society he has no dignity as he has no rights. The dream will offer him rights in the society that he will be in. The social boundaries are so strong that, as Candy says, â€Å"I been here a long time†¦ an’ Crooks been here a long time. This’s the first time I ever been in his room†. Crooks must therefore be very brave, forgetting the pride he uses as a defence mechanism, to ask if he could be a part of the dream. He knew he was open to rejection yet he has such a huge belief that he could have a better life, that he chooses to risk his proud appearance, the only thing he possesses. It is inevitable that the dream will be shattered for Crooks, as things will never change. When Curley’s Wife enters, the reader’s faith is structurally restored yet trouble appears. Curley’s Wife makes a shrewd observation, â€Å"They left all the weak ones here†. By this she is referring to their relative weakness within the capitalist society. A white woman, especially with the power of being the boss’s daughter in law, would be stronger than a black man, which means Crooks’ dream is bound to be shattered. This is exaggerated by the way Curley’s wife appears to be looking for trouble and then shrugs off Crooks, as â€Å"nigger† whom she threatens to have lynched. â€Å"Crooks had retired into the terrible protective dignity of the Negro† as he always knows that he is powerless. It’s ironic that although Curley’s Wife has more power than Crooks, they are both powerless in their own situations. â€Å"Crooks seemed to grow smaller, and he pressed himself against the wall†. The body language he expresses shows he is humiliated and deflated. His language becomes the deferential kind of a servant: â€Å"Yes, ma’am†. Crooks symbolises the position of blacks in the Novel, which is a macrocosm of 1930’s America. They were nothing, â€Å"Crooks had reduced himself to nothing† and his voice had become â€Å"toneless†. Things cannot change and will not change for Crooks no matter what he does, until society’s opinions towards blacks change. Thus Chapter Four begins and ends with Crooks â€Å"rubbing his back†. The dream has come full circle. In Chapter Five we finally hear Curley’s Wife’s story and her own dream. Up until this point, she is viewed by the reader through the eyes of the men on the ranch. The result of this is that the reader is directed to build up a certain opinion of her that we later find to be distorted. Her behaviour is symptomatic of her loneliness. When we see her for the person she has become, we hear her own dream. It consists of fame and glamour and all privileges that accompany it. She says she â€Å"coulda been in the movies, an’ had nice clothes†. She dreams of looking the part and living the lifestyle of all areas of the media. She wants to sit â€Å"in them big hotels, an’ had pitchers took of me†. This shows how she wants to have people know who she is and that she wants to feel she is loved. Her dream is in moral contrast to the humble dream of the men, supporting the capitalist society that the men wish to escape from and focusing on material aspects of life. It represents an idea of rags to riches, a concept lying within the American dream, but there is a contrast in the perception of â€Å"riches†. Curley’s Wife’s dream is superficial and artificial, promoting the capitalist machine. Her dream offers an easy lifestyle lacking self-effort but still achieving wealth. It lacks moral depth. Fundamentally she desires attention and longs to be in the public eye. She’s always looking for attention and company in general by the way she comes looking for the men, as well as how she talks quickly for fear of loosing her audience. We do not criticise Curley’s Wife for her dream as we see what it promises her, but we still condemn the dream. She is young and uneducated but the dream is still shallow. In realism, forgetting Curley’s Wife, the dream of Hollywood is unrealistic, after all there are many that share the dream and the vast majority don’t make it. Curley’s Wife is unsure herself if she believes in it. You feel that she is very insecure, as she seems to feel the dream is impossible for her by the use of the word â€Å"coulda† but she still tries to live her dream in her situation seen by the way she â€Å"made a small grand gesture†. This shows much pathos and poignancy especially when she says â€Å"Maybe I will yet† as the irony lies in the fact that her impending death is very near. In her own story we see Steinbeck making protest against the treatment of women. She was obviously used with the temptation of living her dream. She was told that she received a letter and when she didn’t she blamed her mother. This was a scapegoat as was marrying Curley who she admits â€Å"I don’ like Curley. He aint a nice fella.† The dream is really an escape from her unhappy life and lacks sincerity. Curley’s Wife’s dream is shattered in her restricted lifestyle and finally in her death. Her death ironically frees her from the cycle she has developed, whereby she tries to escape from her life. The manner of her final escape is therefore poignant and we finally see her for who she really is an innocent young girl: â€Å"She was pretty and simple, and her face was sweet and young†. Steinbeck must step in here and portray her in this way because her previous appearance would suggest otherwise. She is seen before through the eyes of the men who use only derogatory terms to describe her such as â€Å"jail bate† and â€Å"tart†. The question remains as to whether to condone or condemn her. Steinbeck steps in to direct us to sympathise with her in case we may have already condemned her. The protest is made by the author against the treatment of women at the time and shows that this along with the resulting characteristics it develops, is a repeating cycle of action then reaction. Steinbeck does more than present dreams; he shows how they are smashed and disintegrated. So does this mean that â€Å"Of Mice and Men† is a pessimistic book? In my opinion, it does not. Dreams are inevitably smashed, or rather; this does not deprive them of value. More importantly the novel raises the issue that American society of the 1930’s was problematic and in some ways corrupt: it represents real groups of people who lead pessimistic lives. At this time in American history, America was suffering depression so the country would be split into optimists and pessimists. In my opinion, Steinbeck is saying that it is hard to reach the dream. Having a burden like Lennie is an extreme of the problems the road to the dream poses. However, it must be remembered that Lennie was half of the reason that the dream was even thought about. Steinbeck is making a statement that the American dream is a goal, and whether it is achievable or not, it is very good incentive for the cap acity to hope and inspire.